Lesson 18

"Tablets for Textbooks in Schools"

For Philippine schools, even for private ones catering to children of the well to do families, the so called Tablets for learning is still futuristic.

Today , books are still the primary medium of instruction in most schools.

Virtual literacy may very well ease out textual print literacy.

Disadvantages of using books

  1. The load of books and workbooks for every subject are backbreaking.

2.  Publishing and printing millions of books are too expensive for public purse.

3. Error from wrong information technical mistakes and editorial lapses.

         

Technology is being viewed as a savior.

Computer games as a learning technology along with other audio-visual aids to teaching learning.

Classroom instruction which rides the vehicle of gaming makes learning more effective and more fun.

Tablets for schools

Difficulties for using tablets in public school

       
1. Cost of one tablet for one student.

2. Books have more durability compared with electronic gadgets.

3. Technical expertise for the learning software.

Technology itself may be a key to problem resolution and Filipino ingenuity is called to respond to the challenge facing the digital generation of the millennium.

Lesson 16

"The Internet and Education"

The Internet, also simply called the Net, is the largest and far-firing network system-of-all-system. How is everything coordinated through the Internet? This is done through a standardized protocol (or set of rules for exchanging data) called Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). To gain access to the internet, the computer must be equipped with what is called a Server which has a special software (program) that uses the Internet protocol. Originally developed and still

subsidized by the United State government, the Internet connect not only commercial, industrial, scientific establishments but all other sectors including education and its libraries, campuses and computer centers.

Getting around the Net

The vast sea of information in the Internet, including news and trivia, is a challenge to those who wish to navigate it. Everyday, the Net user-population and the available information continue to grow, and new ways are being developed.

The most attractive way to move around the Internet is called browsing. Using a program called a browser, the user can use a mouse to point and click on screen icons to surf the Internet, particularly the World Wide Web (the web), an Internet's subset of text images, and sounds are linked together to allow users to access data or information needed.The future of the Internet seems limitless. Already its complexity has spawned and continue to spawn Net sites including new demand for services to business, industries, science, government and even homes. Many experts predict that the Internet is destined to become the centerpiece of all online communications on the planet and in some future time in the solar system using interplanetary satellite communication stations.

Lesson 15

"Understanding Hypermedia"

Hypermedia is nothing but multimedia, but this time packaged as an educational computer software where information is presented and student activities are integrated in a virtual learning environment. Most educational IT applications are hypermedia and these include:

·Tutorial software packages

·Knowledge webpages

·Simulation instructional games

·Learning project management, and others

The presentation of information-learning activities in hypermedia is said to be sequenced in a non-linear manner, meaning that the learner may follow his path of activities thus providing an environment of learner autonomy and thinking skills.

Characteristics of hypermedia applications:

1. Learner control- the learner makes his own decisions on the path, flow of events of instruction.

2. Learner wide range of navigation routes- the learner has a wide range of navigation routes such as by working on concepts he is already familiar with. He may even follow a linear or logical path, even if the previous activity is half-completed. He may explore other sections opting to return or complete the previous activity.

3. Variety of media- Hypermedia includes more than one media (text, graphics, audio, animation and video clip) but does not necessarily use all types of media in one presentation. Since only virtual learning activity takes place, it is important from the standpoint of the teacher to optimize the learning process by identifying the characteristics of media application, as well as the advantages and limitations of such an application.

Lesson 14

"The Software as an Educational Resource"

     Whenever people think about computers, they are most likely thinking about the computer machine such as the television-like monitor screen, the keyboard to type on,

the printer which produces copies of text-and-graphics material, and the computer housing called “the box” which contains the electronic parts and circuits (the central processing unit) that receives/ stores data and direct computer operations. The computer machine or hardware is naturally an attention-getter.

      It’s more difficult to realize, however, that the computer hardware can hardly be useful without the program or system that tells what the computer machine should do. This is called software.

There are two kinds of software:

1. The system software. This is the operating system that is found or bundled inside all computer machines.

2. The application software. This contains the system that commands the particular task or solves a particular problem.

In turn the applications software may be:

(a) A custom software that is made for specific tasks often by large corporations, or

(b) A commercial software packaged for personal computers that helps with a variety of tasks such as writing papers, calculating numbers, drawing graphs, playing games, and so much more.

Microsoft Windows

  Also referred to as program, Microsoft Windows or Windows for short is an operating environment between the user and the computer operating system. Also called a

shell, it is a layer that creates the way the computer should work. Windows uses a colorful graphics interface (called GUI – pronounced “gooee”) that can be seen on the computer screen or monitor whenever the computer is turned on.

 The user can work with on-screen pictures (icons) and suggestions (menus) to arrive at the desired software. Windows 95 (now improved with Windows 2003 and 2007) is software designed for Microsoft Windows. Actually, Windows is in itself a self-contained operating system which provides:

1. User convenience – just click a file name to retrieve data or click from program to program as easy as changing channels in your TV screen.

2. A new look – fancy borders, smooth and streamlined text fonts.

3. Information center – Windows puts all communications activities (e-mail, downloads etc. in a single screen icon); adapts/configures the computer for the Internet.

4. Plug and play – configures the computer with added components, such as for sound and video.

Instructional Software

 Instructional software can be visited on the Internet or can be bought from software shops or dealers. The teacher through his school should decide on the best computer-based instructional (CBI) materials for the school resource collection. But beware since CBIs need much improvement, while web-based educational resources are either extremely good or what is complete garbage.

Lesson 13

"Cooperative Learning with the Computer"

Cooperative Learning

Cooperative or collaborative learning is learning by small groups of students who work together in a common learning task. It is often also called group learning but to be truly cooperative learning, 5 elements are needed:

1. common goal

2. interdependence

3. interaction

4.individual accountability

5. social skills

Cooperative Learning and the Computer

   

Researchers have made studies on the learning interaction between the student and the computer. The studies have great value since it has been a long standing fear that the computer may foster student learning in isolation that hinders the development of the student's social skills.

Now this mythical fear has been contradicted by the studies which show that when students work with computers in groups

Components of Cooperative Learning

  Education are still wary about the computer's role in cooperative learning. Thus they pose the position that the use of computers do not automatically result in cooperative learning. There therefore assign the teachers several tasks in order to ensure collaborative learning. These are:

1. Assigning students to mixed-ability teams

2. Establishing positive interdependence

3. Teaching cooperative social skills

4. Insuring individual accountability, and

   
5. Helping groups process information

Lesson 12

 "Information Technology in Support of 
Student-Centered Learning"

The idea of student-centered learning is not a recent idea. In fact, as early as the 20th century, educational educators such as John Dewey argued for highly active and individualized pedagogical methods which place the student at the center of the teaching-learning process.

The Traditional Classroom

It may be observed that classrooms are usually arranged with neat columns and rows of student chairs or desks, while the teacher stands in front of the classroom or sits behind his table. This situation is necessitated by the need to maintain classroom discipline, also allows the teacher to control classroom activities through lecture presentation and teacher-led discussions.

Noticeably, however, after spending so many minutes in lesson presentation and class management, students can get restless and fidgety. Often enough, the teacher has to also manage misbehavior in class as students start to talk among themselves or simply stare away in lack of attention.

The Student Centered Learning (SCL) Classroom

  John Dewey has described traditional learning as a process in which the teacher pours information to student learners, much like pouring water from a jug into cups. This is based on the long accepted belief that the teacher must perform his role of teaching so that learning can occur. This learning approach is generally known as direct instruction, and it has worked well for obtaining many kinds of learning outcomes. The problem with it is that the approach in learning, however, is the fact that the world’s societies have began to change. It may not be felt strongly to countries in which on countries who depends mostly their economy to factory workers. Traditional and direct instruction is very useful in these countries.

          In contrast, industrialized societies we find knowledge-based economies in which workers depend on information that can be accessed through information and communication technologies (ICTs). Desiring to gain effectiveness, efficiency and economy in administration, schools in these developed economies have also adopted the support of ICTs. Their students have now become active not passive learners, demonstrating independence and self-awareness in the learning process.

Lesson 11

“The Computer as the Teacher’s Tool”

Constructivism was introduced by Jean Piaget (1981) and Bruner (1990). They gave stress to knowledge

discovery of new meaning/concepts/principles in the learning process. Various strategies have been suggested to foster knowledge discovery, among these, is making students engaged in gathering unorganized information from which they can induce ideas and principles. Students are also asked to apply discovered knowledge to new situations, a process for making their knowledge applicable to real life situations.

     

While knowledge is constructed by the individual learnerin constructivism, knowledge can also be socially constructed. Social Constructivism is the effort to show that the construction of knowledge is governed by social, historical and cultural contexts. In effect, this is to say that the learner who interprets knowledge has a predetermined point of view according to the social perspectives of the community or society he lives in.

        

The psychologist Vygotsky stressed that learning is affected by social influences. He suggested the interactive process in learning. A more capable adult (teacher or parent) can aid or complement what the learner

sees in a given tasks or project. In addition, John Dewey sees language as medium for social coordination and adaptation. For Dewey, human learning is really human languaging that occurs when students socially share, build and agree upon meanings and knowledge.

The Computer’s Capabilities

Informative Tool

The computer can provide vast amounts of information in various forms, such as text, graphics, sound, and video. Even multimedia encyclopedias are today available on the internet.

                                          Communication Tool

    The computer has been used in communication as evident by social networking sites as to facebook, twitter and friendster. We can even chat/talk friends and families anywhere in the globe through yahoo messenger or the one in facebook or view them through the webcam. We can send messages and information through the internet in just seconds or minutes.

Constructive Tool

The computer itself can be used for manipulating information, visualizing one’s understanding, and building new knowledge. The Microsoft Word computer

program itself is a desktop publishing software that allows users to organize and present their ideas in attractive formats.

Co-constructive Tool

  Students can use constructive tools to work cooperatively and construct a shared understanding of new

knowledge. One way of co-construction is the use of the electronic whiteboard where students may post notices to a shared document/whiteboard. Students may also co-edit the same document from their homes.

Situating Tool

          By means of virtual reality (RS) extension systems, the computer can create 3-D images on display to give the user the feeling that are situated in a virtual environment. A flight simulation program is an example of a situating tool which places the user in simulated flying environment.

Lesson 10

"The Computer as a Tutor"

Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)

  The computer can be a tutor in effect relieving the teacher of many activities in his personal role as classroom tutor.  

Even with the available computer and CAI software, the teacher must: 

•   Insure that students have the needed knowledge and skills for any computer activity
•    Decide the appropriate learning objectives.
•  Evaluate the students’ achievement by ways of tests the specific expected 
• Plan the sequential and structured activities to achieve objectives.

On the other hand, the students in CAI play their own roles as learners as they:

      →      Receive information.

        →      Understand instructions for the computer activity

          →   Retain/keep in mind the information and rules for the computer activity

             →Apply the knowledge and rules during the process of computer learning.

During the computer activity proper in CAI the computer, too, plays its roles as it:

 1. Acts as a sort of tutor (the role

traditional played by the teacher)

  2.  Provides a learning environment

   3. Delivers learning instruction.

   4. Reinforces learning trough

drill-and-practice

   5. Provides feedback           

CAI Integrated with Lessons

   CAI computer learning should not stop with the drill and practice activities of students. In effect, CAI works best in reinforcing learning through repetitive exercises such that students can practice basic skills or knowledge in various subject areas. Common types of drill and practice programs include: Vocabulary building, math facts, basic science, and history or geography facts.

Suggestions on when and how can teachers integrate drill and practice programs with their lessons:

  *Use drill and practice programs for basic skills and knowledge that require rapid or automatic response by students

 *Ensure that drill and practice activities conform to the lesson plan/curriculum.

    *Limit drill and practice to 20-30 minutes to avoid boredom

  * Use drill and practice to assist students with particular weakness in basic skills.

The Tutorial software should be able to:

Teach new content/new information

Provide comprehensive information on concepts I addition to practice exercise.

Can be effectively used for remediation, reviewing or enrichment

Allow the teacher to introduce follow-up questions to stimulate students learning

Permits group activity for cooperative learning.

Simulation Programs

Simulation software materials are another kind of software that is constructivist

in nature. This simulation software:

                  Teaches strategies and rules applied to real-life problems/situations.

                   Ask students to make decision on models or scenarios.

              Allows students to manipulate elements of a model and get the experience of the effects of their decisions.   

Instructional Games

         While relating to low-level learning objectives (e.g. basic spelling or math skill),

     Instructional computer games add the elements of competition and challenge.

    
              Example: GeoSafari

Problem Solving Software

These allow students to learn and improve on their problem solving ability. The students have to employ higher thinking skills such as logic, recognition, reflection, and strategy-making.

Example: Thinking Things 1

Multimedia Encyclopedia and electronic books

The Multimedia Encyclopedia can store a huge database with texts, images, animations, audio and video.

Example: eyewitness Children’s Encyclopedia.

Electronic books provide textual information for reading, supplemented by other types of multimedia information (sounds, spoken words, pictures, animation). These are useful for learning reading, spelling and words skills.